1. Galante VN, Vicenti G, Corina G, et al. Hybrid external fixation
in the treatment of tibial pilon fractures: A retrospective
analysis of 162 fractures. Injury. 2016; 47:S131-S137. doi:
10.1016/j.injury.2016.07.045.
2. Flores M, Ciminero M, Kottmeier SA, Botros D, Zelle BA,
Shearer DW. Pilon fractures: Consensus and controversy. OTA
Int. 2023; 6(3 Suppl):e236.
doi:10.1097/oi9.0000000000000236.
3. Jacob N, Amin A, Giotakis N, Narayan B, Nayagam S, Trompeter
AJ. Management of high-energy tibial pilon fractures.
Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2015; 10(3):137-47.
doi:10.1007/s11751-015-0231-5.
4. Daghino W, Messina M, Filipponi M, Alessandro M. Temporary
Stabilization with External Fixator in 'Tripolar' Configuration
in Two Steps Treatment of Tibial Pilon Fractures. Open Orthop
J. 2016; 10:49-55. doi:10.2174/1874325001610010049.
5. Rollo G, Filipponi M, Pichierri P, et al. Emergent and delayed
hybrid external fixation management of tibial pilon fractures:
A multicentric retrospective analysis of 80 patients. Journal of
Acute Disease. 2017; 6(4):169-174.
doi:10.12980/jad.6.20170404.
6. Elgawadi M, Radwan Y, Othman S, Barakat A, Sabry A, Ahmed
A. Randomized Comparative STudy of Definitive External
Fixation Versus Orif in Pilon Fractures: An Early Clinical
Outcome Report. Georgian Med News. 2023 ;( 344):34-38.
7. Ibrahim DA, Swenson A, Sassoon A, Fernando ND.
Classifications in Brief: The Tscherne Classification of Soft
Tissue Injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017; 475(2):560-564.
doi:10.1007/s11999-016-4980-3.
8. Qiu XS, Li XG, Qi XY, Wang Z, Chen YX. What Is the Most Reliable
Classification System to Assess Tibial Pilon Fractures? J Foot
Ankle Surg. 2020; 59(1):48-52.
doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2019.07.002.
9. Burwell HN, Charnley AD. The treatment of displaced fractures
at the ankle by rigid internal fixation and early joint
movement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965; 47(4):634-660.
10. Chan YH. Biostatistics 103: qualitative data - tests of
independence. Singapore Med J. 2003; 44(10):498-503.
11. Chan YH. Biostatistics 104: correlational analysis. Singapore
Med J. 2003; 44(12):614-9.
12. Luo TD, Pilson H,eds. Pilon Fracture. 1st ed.
StatPearls.Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.
13. Minator Sajjadi M, Ebrahimpour A, Okhovatpour MA, Karimi A,
Zandi R, Sharifzadeh A. The Outcomes of Pilon Fracture
Treatment: Primary Open Reduction and Internal Fixation
versus Two-stage Approach. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2018;
6(5):412-419.
14. Guo Y, Tong L, Li S, Liu Z. External Fixation combined with
Limited Internal Fixation versus Open Reduction Internal
Fixation for Treating Ruedi-Allgower Type III Pilon Fractures.
Med Sci Monit. 2015; 21:1662-7. doi:10.12659/msm.893289.
15. Esposito JG, van der Vliet QMJ, Heng M, et al. Does Surgical
Approach Influence the Risk of Postoperative Infection After
Surgical Treatment of Tibial Pilon Fractures? J Orthop Trauma.
2020; 34(3):126-130. doi:10.1097/bot.0000000000001655.
16. Konrath GA, Hopkins G, 2nd. Posterolateral approach for tibial
pilon fractures: a report of two cases. J Orthop Trauma. 1999;
13(8):586-9. doi:10.1097/00005131-199911000-00013.
17. Erichsen JL, Andersen PI, Viberg B, Jensen C, Damborg F, Froberg L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of
functional outcomes and complications following external
fixation or open reduction internal fixation for distal intraarticular tibial fractures: an update. Eur J Orthop Surg
Traumatol. 2019; 29(4):907-917. doi:10.1007/s00590-019-
02368-9.
18. Cui X, Chen H, Rui Y, Niu Y, Li H. Two-stage open reduction and
internal fixation versus limited internal fixation combined
with external fixation: a meta-analysis of postoperative
complications in patients with severe Pilon fractures. J Int Med
Res. 2018; 46(7):2525-2536.
doi:10.1177/0300060518776099.
19. Richards JE, Magill M, Tressler MA, Shuler FD, Kregor PJ,
Obremskey WT. External fixation versus ORIF for distal intraarticular tibia fractures. Orthopedics. 2012; 35(6):e862-7.
doi:10.3928/01477447-20120525-25.
20. Harris AM, Patterson BM, Sontich JK, Vallier HA. Results and
outcomes after operative treatment of high-energy tibial
plafond fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2006; 27(4):256-65.
doi:10.1177/107110070602700406.