1. Gajendran VK, Gajendran VK, Malone KJ. Management
of complications with hand fractures. Hand Clin.
2015;31(2):165-177. doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2014.12.001
2. Cotterell IH, Richard MJ. Metacarpal and phalangeal
fractures in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 2015;34(1):69-
98. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2014.09.009
3. Henry MH. Fractures of the proximal phalanx and
metacarpals in the hand: preferred methods of
stabilization. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(10):586-
595. doi:10.5435/00124635-200810000-00004
4. Zyluk A, Budzyński T. Treatment of metacarpal and
phalangeal fractures--a review. Chir Narzadow Ruchu
Ortop Pol. 2006;71(4):299-308.
5. Kozin SH, Thoder JJ, Lieberman G. Operative
treatment of metacarpal and phalangeal shaft
fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8(2):111-121.
doi:10.5435/00124635-200003000-00005
6. Blazar PE, Leven D. Intramedullary nail fixation for
metacarpal fractures. Hand Clin. 2010;26(3):321-
325, v. doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2010.05.005
7. Taghinia AH, Talbot SG. Phalangeal and Metacarpal
Fractures. Clin Plast Surg. 2019;46(3):415-423.
doi:10.1016/j.cps.2019.02.011
8. Hardy MA. Principles of metacarpal and phalangeal
fracture management: a review of rehabilitation
concepts. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(12):781-799. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.34.12.781
9. Lord RE. Intramedullary fixation of metacarpal
fractures. J Am Med Assoc. 1957;164(16):1746-1749.
doi:10.1001/jama.1957.02980160018005
10. Corkum JP, Davison PG, Lalonde DH. Systematic
review of the best evidence in intramedullary fixation
for metacarpal fractures. Hand . 2013;8(3):253-260.
doi:10.1007/s11552-013-9531-8
11. Thevenin R, Iselin F, Pradet G. Osteosynthesis of the
phalanges by means of flexible centromedullary
screws. Nouv Presse Med. 1972;1(41):2771-2774.
12. Borbas P, Dreu M, Poggetti A, Calcagni M, Giesen T.
Treatment of proximal phalangeal fractures with
an antegrade intramedullary screw: a cadaver
study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2016;41(7):683-687.
doi:10.1177/1753193416641319
13. del Piñal F, Moraleda E, Rúas JS, de Piero GH, Cerezal
L. Minimally invasive fixation of fractures of the
phalanges and metacarpals with intramedullary
cannulated headless compression screws. J Hand
Surg Am. 2015;40(4):692-700. doi:10.1016/j.
jhsa.2014.11.023
14. Giesen T, Gazzola R, Poggetti A, Giovanoli P, Calcagni
M. Intramedullary headless screw fixation for
fractures of the proximal and middle phalanges in
the digits of the hand: a review of 31 consecutive
fractures. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2016;41(7):688-694.
doi:10.1177/1753193416641330
15. Jann D, Calcagni M, Giovanoli P, Giesen T. Retrograde
fixation of metacarpal fractures with intramedullary
cannulated headless compression screws. Hand
Surg Rehabil. 2018;37(2):99-103. doi:10.1016/j.
hansur.2017.12.005
16. Gaspar MP, Gandhi SD, Culp RW, Kane PM. Dual
Antegrade Intramedullary Headless Screw
Fixation for Treatment of Unstable Proximal
Phalanx Fractures. Hand. 2019;14(4):494-499.
doi:10.1177/1558944717750919
17. Doarn MC, Nydick JA, Williams BD, Garcia MJ.
Retrograde headless intramedullary screw fixation
for displaced fifth metacarpal neck and shaft
fractures: short term results. Hand . 2015;10(2):314-
318. doi:10.1007/s11552-014-9620-3
18. Weiss AP. Intramedullary Herbert screws for treatment
of phalangeal nonunion. Tech Hand Up Extrem
Surg. 1997;1(1):41-47. doi:10.1097/00130911-
199703000-00008
19. Boulton CL, Salzler M, Mudgal CS. Intramedullary
cannulated headless screw fixation of a comminuted
subcapital metacarpal fracture: case report. J Hand
Surg Am. 2010;35(8):1260-1263. doi:10.1016/j.
jhsa.2010.04.032
20. Guidi M, Frueh FS, Besmens I, Calcagni M.
Intramedullary compression screw fixation of
metacarpal and phalangeal fractures. EFORT Open
Rev. 2020;5(10):624-629. doi:10.1302/2058-
5241.5.190068
21. Kamath JB, Harshvardhan, Naik DM, Bansal A. Current
concepts in managing fractures of metacarpal and
phalangess. Indian J Plast Surg. 2011;44(2):203-211.
doi:10.4103/0970-0358.85341
22. Camacho E, Craviotto M, D’Oliveira L. How to Manage
Complications Related to the Use of Intramedullary
Screws in Metacarpal Fractures: Case Series.
Revista Iberoamericana de Cirugía de la Mano.
2021;49(01):004-012. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1730001
23. Chammaa RH, Thomas PBM, Khalil A. Single retrograde
intramedullary wire fixation of metacarpal shaft
fractures. Acta Orthop Belg. 2010;76(6):751-757.
24. Morway GR, Rider T, Jones CM. Retrograde
Intramedullary Screw Fixation for Metacarpal Fractures:
A Systematic Review. Hand . 2021:1558944720988073.
doi:10.1177/1558944720988073
25. Ruchelsman DE, Puri S, Feinberg-Zadek N, Leibman
MI, Belsky MR. Clinical Outcomes of Limited-
Open Retrograde Intramedullary Headless Screw
Fixation of Metacarpal Fractures. J Hand Surg
Am. 2014;39(12):2390-2395. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.
2014.08.016
26. Hoang D, Huang J. Antegrade Intramedullary Screw
Fixation: A Novel Approach to Metacarpal Fractures.
Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online. 2019;1(4):229-
235. doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2019.07.002
27. Hoang D, Vu CL, Huang JI. Evaluation of Antegrade
Intramedullary Compression Screw Fixation of
Metacarpal Shaft Fractures in a Cadaver Model. J Hand
Surg Am. 2021;46(5):428.e1-e428.e7. doi:10.1016/j.
jhsa.2020.10.026
28. Supplemental use guide – intramedullary fixation of
metacarpal fractures: Antegrade approach. Available
at: https://www.acumed.net/resources/documents/
supplemental-use-guide-intramedullary-fixation-ofmetacarpal-
fractures-antegrade-approach/. Accessed
June 30, 2021.
29. Court-Brown C, Heckman JD, McKee M, McQueen MM,
Ricci W, Tornetta P III, eds. Rockwood and Green’s:
Fractures in Adults. 8st ed. Wolters Kluwer Health,
Philadelphia, 2015.
30. Krupp RJ, Malkani AL, Goodin RA, Voor MJ.
Optimal Entry Point for Retrograde Femoral
Nailing. J Orthop Trauma. 2003;17(2):100-105.
doi:10.1097/00005131-200302000-00004
31. Dimakopoulos P, Papadopoulos AX, Papas M,
Panagopoulos A, Lambiris E. Modified extra rotatorcuff
entry point in antegrade humeral nailing.
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2005;125(1):27-32.
doi:10.1007/s00402-004-0757-3
32. Urbanschitz L, Dreu M, Wagner J, Kaufmann R,
Jeserschek JM, Borbas P. Cartilage and extensor
tendon defects after headless compression screw
fixation of phalangeal and metacarpal fractures.
J Hand Surg (Eur Vol). 2020;45(6):601-607.
doi:10.1177/1753193420919060
33. Chao J, Patel A, Shah A. Intramedullary screw fixation
comprehensive technique guide for metacarpal and
phalanx fractures: Pearls and pitfalls. Plast Reconstr
Surg Glob Open. 2021;9(10):e3895. doi:10.1097/
GOX.0000000000003895
34. Warrender WJ, Ruchelsman DE, Livesey MG, Mudgal
CS, Rivlin M. Low Rate of Complications Following
Intramedullary Headless Compression Screw Fixation
of Metacarpal Fractures. Hand. 2020;15(6):798-804. doi:10.1177/1558944719836214
35. Melamed E, Joo L, Lin E, Perretta D, Capo JT. Plate
Fixation versus Percutaneous Pinning for Unstable
Metacarpal Fractures: A Meta-analysis. J Hand Surg
Asian Pac Vol. 2017;22(1):29-34. doi:10.1142/
S0218810417500058
36. Greeven APA, Bezstarosti S, Krijnen P, Schipper
IB. Open reduction and internal fixation versus
percutaneous transverse Kirschner wire fixation
for single, closed second to fifth metacarpal shaft
fractures: a systematic review. Eur J Trauma Emerg
Surg. 2016;42(2):169-175. doi:10.1007/s00068-
015-0507-y
37. Tobert DG, Klausmeyer M, Mudgal CS. Intramedullary
Fixation of Metacarpal Fractures Using Headless
Compression Screws. J Hand Microsurg.
2016;8(3):134-139. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1593390
38. Balfour GW. Minimally invasive intramedullary
rod fixation of multiple metacarpal shaft fractures.
Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2008;12(1):43-45.
doi:10.1097/BTH.0b013e31815678ef
39. Gonzalez MH, Igram CM, Hall RF Jr. Flexible
intramedullary nailing for metacarpal fractures. J
Hand Surg Am. 1995;20(3):382-387. doi:10.1016/
S0363-5023(05)80091-7