The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery

The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery

Shoulder Imbalance in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review of the Current State of the Art

Document Type : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Authors
Farshad Nikouei
Hasan Ghandhari
Ebrahim Ameri
Farzam Mokarami
Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
10.22038/abjs.2022.64282.3086
Abstract
Background: Shoulder imbalance (SI) is among the most rated manifestations of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)
pointed to by patients and spine surgeons. It serves as a criterion to assess the outcome of scoliosis surgery and is
also a cause of dissatisfaction for the patients postoperatively. Despite the availability of multiple studies on this issue,
a comprehensive survey of the risk factors and preventive measures has yet to be elucidated. The present study aimed
to highlight the most recent approach to the evaluation and management of SI, as well as medical counseling about the
expectations and limitations of the surgery.
Methods: A systematic literature review using electric databases was conducted, including PubMed, Embase, the
Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, with a well-defined search strategy on SI definition, risk factors, and preventive
and surgical recommendations.
Results: A total of 69 articles were identified; SI > 2 cm was the most used cut-off, and its risk factors included the main
thoracic Cobb angle > 80˚, preoperative level shoulder, high left shoulder, and higher Risser grade. The most stated
strategies to preclude SI were the sufficient correction of the proximal thoracic curve, and moderate correction of the
main thoracic and lumbar curve (LC).
Conclusion: Shoulder imbalance should be prevented not only for appearance or satisfaction but also for possible
complications such as distal adding-on, new LC progression, or trunk shift postoperatively in AIS patients.
Level of evidence: V
Keywords
Elevated shoulder
High shoulder
Scoliosis
Shoulder asymmetry
Shoulder balance
Subjects
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The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery
Volume 10, Issue 12
December 2022
Pages 992-1003

  • Receive Date 13 March 2022
  • Revise Date 01 October 2022
  • Accept Date 02 October 2022