1. Parvizi J, Tan TL, Goswami K, et al.The 2018
definition of periprosthetic hip and knee infection: an
evidence-based and validated criteria. J Arthroplasty
2018; 33(5):1309-1314.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.
2018.02.078.
2. Zimmerli W, Trampuz A, Oschsner PE. Prosthetic-joint
infections. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(16):1645-54. doi:
10.1056/NEJMra040181.
3. Rava A, Bruzzone M, Cottino U, Enrietti E, Rossi R. Hip
spacer in two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint
infection: a review of literature. Joints 2019; 7(2):56-
63. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1697608.
4. Parjkh MS, Antony S. A comprehensive review of
the diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint
infection in absence of positive cultures. J Infect
Public Health 2016; 9(5):545-56. doi: 10.1016/j.
jiph.2015.12.001.
5. Reisener M, Perka C. Do culture negative periprosthetic
joint infections have a worse outcomes tan culturepositive periprosthetic joint infection? A systematic
review and meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int 2018;
2018:6278012. doi: 10.1155/2018/6278012.
6. Berbari EF, Marlescu C, Sia I, Hannsen, Osmon DR.
Culture-negative prosthetic joint infection. Clin Infect
Dis 2007;45(9):1113-9. doi: 10.1086/522184.
7. Osmon DR, Berbari EF, Berendt AR, et al. Executive
summary: diagnosis and management of prosthetic
joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by
infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis
2013; 56(1):1-10. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis966.
8. Parvizi J, Gehrke T. International consensus group on periprosthetic joint infection. J Arthroplasty 2014;
29(7):1331. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2014.03.009.
9. Tan TL, Kheir MM, Shohat N, et al. Culture-negative
periprosthetic joint infection. An update on what
to expect. JB JS Open Access 2018; 3(3):e0060. doi:
10.2106/JBJS.OA.17.00060.
10.Ibrahim MS, Twaij H, Haddad FS. Two-stage revision
for the culture-negative infected total hip arthroplasty:
a comparative study. Bone Joint J 2018; 100-B (1
Supple A):3-8. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.100B1.BJJ2017-0626.R1.
11.Tsukayama DT, Estrada RB, Gustilo RB. Infection
after total hip arthroplasty. A study of the treatment
of one hundred and six infections. J Bone Joint Surg
Am 1996; 78(4):512-23. doi: 10.2106/00004623-
199604000-00005.
12.Harris WH. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after
dislocation and acetabular fracture: treatment by
mold arthroplasty. An end-result study using a new
method of result evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am
1969; 51(4):737-55.
13.Diaz-Ledezma C, Higuera CA, Parvizi J. Success after
treatment of periprosthetic joint infection: A Delphibased international multidisciplinary consensus.
Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013; 471(7):2374-82. doi:
10.1007/s11999-013-2866-1.
14.Kang J-S, Shin E-H, Roh T-H, Na Y, Moon KH, Park J-H.
Long-term clinical outcome of two stage revision
surgery for infected hip arthroplasty using cement
spacer: culture negative versus culture positive. J Orthop
Surg (Hong Kong) 2018; 26(1):2309499017754095. doi: 10.1177/2309499017754095.
15.Yoon HK, Cho SH, Lee DY, et al. A review of the
literature on cultive-negative periprosthetic joint
infection: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Knee Surg Relat Res 2017; 29(3):155-164. doi:
10.5792/ksrr.16.034.
16.Choi H-R, Kwon Y-M, Freiberg AA, Nelson SB, Malchau
H. Periprosthetic joint infection with negative
cultures results: clinical characteristics and treatment
outcome. J Arthroplasty 2013; 28(6):899-903. doi:
10.1016/j.arth.2012.10.022.
17.Wang J, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhang X. Comparable
outcomes of culture-negative and culture positive
periprosthetic hip joint infection for patients
undergoing two-stage revision. Int Orthop 2018;
42(3):469-477. doi: 10.1007/s00264-018-3783-4