1. Gibson JNA, Waddell G. Surgery for degenerative
lumbar spondylosis: updated Cochrane Review. J
Spine 2005;30(20):2312-20.
2. Gaines R. The use of pedicle-screw internal fixation
for the operative treatment of spinal disorders. J Bone
and Joint Surgery. 2000;82(10):1458-76.
3. Cappuccino A, Cornwall GB, Turner AW, Fogel GR,
Duong HT, Kim KD, et al. Biomechanical analysis and
review of lateral lumbar fusion constructs. J Spine.
2010;35(26S):S361-S7.
4. Inceoglu S, Ferrara L, McLain RF. Pedicle screw fixation
strength: pullout versus insertional torque. The spine
journal. 2004;4(5):513-8.
5. Panjabi MM. Clinical spinal instability and low
back pain. J electromyography kinesiology. 2003;
13(4):371-9.
6. Boucher H. A method of spinal fusion. J bone joint
surgery British volume. 1959;41(2):248-59.
7. Roy-Camille R, Saillant G, Mazel C. Internal fixation of
the lumbar spine with pedicle screw plating. J Clinical
orthopaedics related research. 1986(203):7-17.
8. Chen C-S, Chen W-J, Cheng C-K, Jao S-HE, Chueh S-C,
Wang C-C. Failure analysis of broken pedicle screws
on spinal instrumentation. J Medical engineering
physics. 2005;27(6):487-96.
9. Abshire BB, McLain RF, Valdevit A, Kambic HE.
Characteristics of pullout failure in conical and
cylindrical pedicle screws after full insertion and
back-out. The Spine Journal. 2001;1(6):408-14.
10.Kim Y-Y, Choi W-S, Rhyu K-W. Assessment of pedicle
screw pullout strength based on various screw designs
and bone densities—an ex vivo biomechanical study.
The Spine Journal. 2012;12(2):164-8.
11.Vishnubhotla S, McGarry WB, Mahar AT, Gelb DE. A
titanium expandable pedicle screw improves initial
pullout strength as compared with standard pedicle
screws. The Spine Journal. 2011;11(8):777-81.
12.Einafshar M, Hashemi A, Mojgani P. Evalution of
primary stability of spinal pedicle screws using
modal analysis, conventional pull-out and insertion
torque. Iranian Journal of Biomedical Engineering.
2020;14(3):169-77 .
13.Hitchon PW, Brenton MD, Coppes JK, From AM, Torner
JC. Factors affecting the pullout strength of selfdrilling and self-tapping anterior cervical screws. J
Spine 2003;28(1):9-13.
14.Kubiak AJ, Lindqvist-Jones K, Dearn KD, Shepherd
DE. Comparison of the mechanical properties of two
designs of polyaxial pedicle screw. J Engineering
Failure Analysis. 2019;95:96-106.
15.Lill CA, Schneider E, Goldhahn J, Haslemann A, Zeifang
F. Mechanical performance of cylindrical and dual core
pedicle screws in calf and human vertebrae. Archives
of orthopaedic trauma surgery. 2006;126(10):686-94.
16.Seng WRD, Chou SM, Siddiqui SS, Oh JY. Pedicle Screw
Designs in Spinal Surgery: Is There a Difference? A
Biomechanical Study on Primary and Revision PullOut Strength. J Spine. 2019;44(3):E144-E9.
17.Seng WR, Chou S, Siddiqui S, Oh J. Pedicle Screw
Designs in Spinal Surgery. J Spine. 2019;44(3).
18.Yamaguchi Y, Shiota M, Munakata M, Kasugai S, Ozeki
M. Effect of implant design on primary stability using
torque-time curves in artificial bone. International
journal of implant dentistry. 2015;1(1):21.
19.Krijnen MR, Mensch D, van Dieen JH, Wuisman PI,
Smit TH. Primary spinal segment stability with a
stand-alone cage: in vitro evaluation of a successful
goat model. Acta Orthopaedica. 2006;77(3):454-61.
20.ASTM F543. Standard specification and test methods
for metallic medical bone screws. ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, PA; 2017.
21.ASTM F1717. Standard test methods for spinal
implant constructs in a vertebrectomy model. ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA; 2014.
22.Yang S-C, Liu P-H, Tu Y-K. Pullout evaluation of
sawbone experiment in different types of pedicle
screws combined with bone cement augmentation
for severe osteoporotic spine. J Acta of bioengineering
biomechanics. 2018;20(2).
23.Einafshar M, Hashemi A, van Lenthe GH. Homogenized
finite element models can accurately predict
screw pull-out in continuum materials, but not in
porous materials. J Computer Methods Programs in
Biomedicine. 2021:105966.
24.Hashemi A, Bednar D, Ziada S. Pullout strength of
pedicle screws augmented with particulate calcium
phosphate: an experimental study. The spine journal.
2009;9(5):404-10.
25.Sandén B, Olerud C, Larsson S, Robinson Y. Insertion
torque is not a good predictor of pedicle screw
loosening after spinal instrumentation: a prospective
study in 8 patients. Patient safety in surgery.
2010;4(1):14.
26.Ricci WM, Tornetta III P, Petteys T, Gerlach D, Cartner
J, Walker Z, et al. A comparison of screw insertion
torque and pullout strength. J orthopaedic trauma.
2010;24(6):374-8.
27.Brasiliense LB, Lazaro B