1. Babhulkar S, Pande S. Tuberculosis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002; 398(1):93-9.
2. Birjandinejad A, Parsa A, Ebrahimzadeh MH.
Isolated tuberculosis of the talonavicular joint in a
child. Foot. 2012; 22(3):255-7.
3. Jeddo S, Huang CW, Li M. Case report on the recurrence
of tuberculosis of hip after 40 years. Springerplus.
2014; 3(1):662.
4. Held MF, Hoppe S, Laubscher M, Mears S, Dix-Peek
S, Zar HJ, et al. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal
tuberculosis in an area with high disease prevalence.
Asian Spine J. 2017; 11(3):405-11.
5. World Health Organization. World malaria report
2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
6. Johansen IS, Nielsen SL, Hove M, Kehrer M, Shakar S,
Wøyen AV, et al. Characteristics and clinical outcome
of bone and joint tuberculosis from 1994 to 2011: a
retrospective register-based study in Denmark. Clin
Infect Dis. 2015; 61(4):554-62.
7. Peto HM, Pratt RH, Harrington TA, LoBue PA,
Armstrong LR. Epidemiology of extrapulmonary
uberculosis in the United States, 1993-2006. Clin
Infect Dis. 2009; 49(9):1250-7.
8. Malaviya AN, Kotwal PP. Arthritis associated with
tuberculosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;
17(2):319-43.
9. Gharehdaghi M, Hassani M, Ghodsi E, Khooei A,
Moayedpour A. Bacille Calmette-Guérin Osteomyelitis.
Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2015; 3(4):291-5.
10. Elmi A, Tabrizi A, Tolouei FM. Skeletal tuberculosis
presenting as a small cystic lesion in the medial
femoral condyle. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2013; 1(2):112-5.
11. Yadav S, Rawal G. Primary extrapulmonary
extensively drug resistant tuberculosis of the hip in an
immunocompetent female-a case report. J Clin Diagn
Res. 2017; 11(1):LD01-3.
12. Agarwal SP, Chauhan LS. Tuberculosis control in India.
New Delhi: Directorate General of Health Services,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 2005.
13. Lešić AR, Pešut DP, Marković-Denić L, Maksimović J,
Čobeljić G, Milosevic I, et al. The challenge of osteoarticular
tuberculosis in the twenty-first century: a
15-year population-based study. Int J Tuberc Lung
Dis. 2010; 14(9):1181-6.
14. Mazloumi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Kachooei AR.
Evolution in diagnosis and treatment of Legg-
Calve-Perthes disease. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2014;
2(2):86-92.
15. De Backer AI, Vanhoenacker FM, Sanghvi DA.
Imaging features of extraaxial musculoskeletal
tuberculosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2009;
19(3):176-86.
16. Robben SG. Ultrasonography of musculoskeletal
infections in children. Eur Radiol. 2004; 14(4):L65-
77.
17. Ai JW, Ruan QL, Liu QH, Zhang WH. Updates on the
risk factors for latent tuberculosis reactivation and
their managements. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2016;
5(2):e10.
18. Kumar V, Garg B, Malhotra R. Total hip replacement
for arthritis following tuberculosis of hip. World J
Orthop. 2015; 6(8):636-40.
19. Restrepo BI, Fisher-Hoch SP, Pino PA, Salinas A, Rahbar
MH, Mora F, et al. Tuberculosis in poorly controlled
type 2 diabetes: altered cytokine expression in
peripheral white blood cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;
47(5):634-41.
20. Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes
mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect
Dis. 2009; 9(12):737-46.
21. Smieja MJ, Marchetti CA, Cook DJ, Smaill FM.
Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in non‐HIV
infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;
1(2):CD001363.
22. Stagg HR, Zenner D, Harris RJ, Muñoz L, Lipman
MC, Abubakar I. Treatment of latent tuberculosis
infection: a network meta-analysis. Ann Internal Med.
2014; 161(6):419-28.
23. Rangaka MX, Wilkinson KA, Glynn JR, Ling D, Menzies
D, Mwansa-Kambafwile J, et al. Predictive value
of interferon-γ release assays for incident active
tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2012; 12(1):45-55.
24. Diel R, Goletti D, Ferrara G, Bothamley G, Cirillo D,
Kampmann B, et al. Interferon-γ release assays for
the diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur
Respir J. 2011; 37(1):88-99.
25. Ha KY, Chung YG, Ryoo SJ. Adherence and biofilm
formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis on various spinal
implants. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005; 30(1):38-43.
26. Neogi DS, Yadav CS, Ashok Kumar SA, Rastogi S. Total
hip arthroplasty in patients with active tuberculosis
of the hip with advanced arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat
Res. 2010; 468(2):605-12.
27. Yoon TR, Rowe SM, Santosa SB, Jung ST, Seon JK.
Immediate cementless total hip arthroplasty for the
treatment of active tuberculosis. J Arthroplasty. 2005;
20(7):923-6.
28. Santavirta S, Eskola A, Konttinen YT, Tallroth
K, Lindholm ST. Total hip replacement in old
tuberculosis: a report of 14 cases. Acta Orthop Scand.
1988; 59(4):391-5.
29. Tan SM, Chin PL. Total hip arthroplasty for surgical
management of advanced tuberculous hip arthritis:
case report. World J Orthop. 2015; 6(2):316-21.
30. Ö ztürkmen Y, Karamehmetoğlu M, Leblebici C, Gökçe
A, Caniklioğlu M. Cementless total hip arthroplasty
for the management of tuberculosis coxitis. Arch
Orthop Trauma Surg. 2010; 130(2):197-203.
31. Johnson R, Barnes KL, Owen R. Reactivation of
tuberculosis after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint
Surg Br. 1979; 61(2):148-50.
32. Kim YH, Han DY, Park BM. Total hip arthroplasty for
tuberculous coxarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;
69(5):718-27.
33. Li L, Chou K, Deng J, Shen F, He Z, Gao S, et al. Twostage
total hip arthroplasty for patients with advanced
active tuberculosis of the hip. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;
11(1):38.
34. Oga M, Arizono T, Takasita M, Sugioka Y. Evaluation of
the risk of instrumentation as a foreign body in spinal
tuberculosis: clinical and biologic study. Spine. 1993;18(13):1890-4.
35. Tiwari V, Khan SA, Kumar A, Poudel R, Kumar VS.
Functional improvement after hip arthroscopy in
cases of active paediatric hip joint tuberculosis:
a retrospective comparative study vis-à-vis
conservative management. J Child Orthop. 2015;
9(6):495-503.
36. Hardinge K, Cleary J, Charnley J. Low-friction
arthroplasty for healed septic and tuberculous
arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979; 61-B(2):144-7.
37. Jupiter JB, Karchmer AW, Lowell JD, Harris WH. Total
hip arthroplasty in the treatment of adult hips with
current or quiescent sepsis. J Bone Joint Surg Am.
1981; 63(2):194-200.