@article { author = {Ghouchani, Azadeh and Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad H. and Rouhi, Gholamreza}, title = {The Most Appropriate Reconstruction Method Following Giant Cell Tumor Curettage: A Biomechanical Approach}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {85-89}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2018.30154.1780}, abstract = {Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a primary and benign tumor of bone, albeit locally aggressive in some cases, such as in the epi-metaphyseal region of long bones, predominantly the distal end of femur and proximal end of tibia (1). There are a variety of treatments for a bone affected by GCT, ranging from chemotherapy, radiotherapy, embolization, and cryosurgery, to surgery with the use of chemical or thermal adjuvant (2). Even with advances in new chemotropic drugs, surgery is still the most effective treatment for this kind of tumor (3). The surgery often involves defect reconstruction following tumor removal (4). The aims of treatment are removing the tumor and reconstructing the bone defect in order to decrease the risk of recurrence, and restore limb function, respectively. To achieve these goals, reconstruction is usually accompanied with PMMA bone cement infilling (4). The high heat generated during PMMA polymerization in the body can kill the remaining cancer cells, and hence the chance of recurrence decreases (5). In addition, filling the cavity with bone cement provides immediate stability, enabling patients to return to their daily activities soon (6). The major drawbacks of the technique of curettage and cementation is the high fracture risk, due to the early loading of the bone, and the insufficient fixation of the cement in the cavity (7). Hence, several methods have been developed to fix the bone cement in order to prevent the postoperative fracture. Pattijn et.al packed the cement with a titanium membrane which was attached to the periosteum with small screws (7). The membrane can make early normal functioning of patients possible, since it partially restore the strength and stiffness of the bone. Cement augmentation with internal fixation is another method to decrease the risk of postoperative fractures (6, 8, 9).}, keywords = {Giant cell tumor,orthopedic biomechanics,finite element method}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10405.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10405_57530b7922f2b80375dc04f9fd32b480.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghassemi, Toktam and Shahroodi, Azadeh and Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad H. and Mousavian, Alireza and Movaffagh, Jebraeel and Moradi PhD, Ali}, title = {Current Concepts in Scaffolding for Bone Tissue Engineering}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {90-99}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2018.26340.1713}, abstract = {Bone disorders are of significant worry due to their increased prevalence in the median age. Scaffold-based bonetissue engineering holds great promise for the future of osseous defects therapies. Porous composite materials andfunctional coatings for metallic implants have been introduced in next generation of orthopedic medicine for tissueengineering. While osteoconductive materials such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate ceramics as wellas some biodegradable polymers are suggested, much interest has recently focused on the use of osteoinductivematerials like demineralized bone matrix or bone derivatives. However, physiochemical modifications in terms ofporosity, mechanical strength, cell adhesion, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, mineralization and osteogenicdifferentiation are required. This paper reviews studies on bone tissue engineering from the biomaterial point of viewin scaffolding.}, keywords = {Bone tissue engineering,Regeneration,Scaffolds}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10271.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10271_2adffd236a8444a2a5f9ed456293ea4b.pdf} } @article { author = {Trainor, Sarah and Collins, Jamie and Mulvey, Hannah and Fitz, Wolfgang}, title = {Total Knee Replacement Sizing: Shoe Size Is a Better Predictor for Implant Size than Body Height}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {100-104}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2017.22499.1603}, abstract = {Background: Various sizes of implants need to be available during surgery. The purpose of this paper is to comparebody height and shoe size with implant sizes in patients who underwent total knee replacement surgery to see whichbiomarker is a better predictor for preoperative planning to determine implant size.Methods: A total of 100 knees, belonging to 50 females and 50 males, were observed. Participants’ body height andshoe size were collected and correlated to implant sizes of a current, frequently used, standard total knee replacement(TKR) implant. The femoral anteroposterior and mediolateral width and the tibial anteroposterior and mediolateral widthwere correlated with height and shoe size.Results: The correlation between shoe size and the four knee implant dimensions, femoral AP, ML, and tibial AP andML were higher than the correlations between height and the same four dimensions.Conclusion: The results indicated that shoe size is a better predictor of component dimensions than is body height.}, keywords = {Biomarkers,Implant size,Preoperative planning,Shoe size,Total knee replacement}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_9119.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_9119_b65f85ac92baa6f052a348eee6a09631.pdf} } @article { author = {McCann, Mark R. and Rust, Philippa A. and Wallace, Robert}, title = {The Stabilising Effect of the Anterior Oblique Ligament to Prevent Directional Subluxation at the Trapeziometacarpal Joint of the Thumb: A Biomechanical Cadaveric Study}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {105-111}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2017.20758.1557}, abstract = {Background: The trapeziometacarpal joint (TMCJ) is inherently unstable, relying on ligament restraint to preventsubluxation. Subluxation of the thumb in a dorsoradial direction is often observed in clinical practice, either after acuteligament injury or more commonly with osteoarthritis (OA). This subluxation follows loss of function of trapeziometacarpalligaments that stabilise this joint, resisting the deforming force of abductor pollicis longus (APL). The exact ligamentsthat stabilise and prevent the thumb from the pull of APL causing dorsoradial subluxation remain unknown, although theanterior oblique ligament (AOL) has been implicated. The aim of this study was to measure the direction of subluxationresisted by the AOL.Methods: In this study we used cadaveric limbs and custom made biomechanical testing to measure the influence AOLhas in stabilising the thumb against subluxation in three planes: radial, dorsal and dorsoradial. Three fresh frozen handswere dissected to expose the TMCJ, leaving all ligaments, capsule and APL attachment in place. The force requiredto create a displacement of 5mm between the first metacarpal and the trapezium in these three planes was measuredbefore and after AOL division.Results: The average force to displace in the dorsoradial plane prior to division was 6.68N, and a statistically significantreduction to 1.15N (P<0.001) was found after division of the AOL. A statistically significant increase in force (P<0.001)from 2.89N to 4.04N was seen in the radial plane, while no change was seen dorsally (P=0.98), with average forces of2.74N and 2.62N found pre and post division.Conclusion: There is clinical significance in reporting quantifiable data in this field, as subluxation of the thumb is oftenseen with OA. The results of our study provide support for surgical reconstruction of the AOL as the primary surgicalstabilizer against dorsoradial subluxation of the thumb.}, keywords = {Anterior oblique ligament,Biomechanical testing,Thumb,Trapeziometacarpal joint,Stability,Subluxation}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10307.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10307_d0c013d0c18656c4cad271fdd464c3be.pdf} } @article { author = {Cavallo, Marco and Sayyed-Hosseinian, Sayyed-Hadi and Parma, Alessandro and Buda, Roberto and Mosca, Massimiliano and Giannini, Sandro}, title = {Combination of bone marrow derived cells transplantation and high tibial osteotomy in early osteoarthritis of knee: A preliminary study}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {112-118}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2018.28168.1728}, abstract = {Purpose: high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a recommended treatment for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Newer cartilage regenerative procedures may add benefits to the result of HTO. In this prospective study we investigate safety and also results of HTO associated with bone marrow derived cells (BMDC) transplantation in relatively young and middle aged active individuals with early osteoarthritis of the knee and our hypothesis is combination of these procedures is safe and leads to better outcome. Methods: 24 patients (with mean age of 47.9 years) with varus knee and symptomatic medial compartment osteoarthritis were treated with medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy in conjunction with transplantation of bone marrow derived cells into the chondral lesions. Clinical outcome was assessed by IKDC score, KOOS score, VAS and Tegner scores and radiographic study was performed preoperatively and at follow-ups. Results: there were no major complications during operation and postoperative follow-ups.all the clinical scores significantly were improved for the IKDC score (from 32.7 +/-15 to 64+/- 21), KOOS score (from30 +/- 11 to 68 +/- 19), VAS (from7.5 to 3), and Tegner score (from 1.2 to 2.1). Conclusions: HTO in conjunction with BMDC transplantation is a safe and feasible treatment for early medial compartment osteoarthritis in varus knees and associated with good results in short term follow up.}, keywords = {High tibial osteotomy,Osteoarthritis,bone marrow derived cells transplantation,Stem cells,cartilage repair}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10406.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10406_137ea9a556dfcbc60dff3c3e63d26ede.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmadzadeh Heshmati, Afshin and Mirzai, Moghaddameh}, title = {Reliability and Validity of the Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire for Iranian Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {119-123}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2017.23535.1621}, abstract = {Background: The purpose of this study was validation of the Persian translation of the Swiss Spinal StenosisQuestionnaire in order to be used by Iranian researchers.Methods: A total of 104 patients with spinal stenosis diagnosis, who were candidates for operative treatment wereentered into the study. The patients completed the translated questionnaire in the 1st and the 7th days of admissionand 6 months after surgery. Visual analogue scale was used to determine the severity of the pain in the1st day andthe 6th month. Discriminant validity, convergent validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, ability to detectchanges and sensitivity to clinical changes were assessed for the statistical purposes.Results: Cronbach’s α was more than 0.9 for all the items. ICC was about 0.9 for all the items. For symptoms, physical andtotal items, Cronbach’s α was 0.942, 0.957, 0.926 and Intraclass correlation were 0.891, 0.918, 0.862, respectively. Pairedt-test was significantly different between the 1st day and the 6th month questionnaire. There was a positive correlation eitherbetween the first VAS and the 1st day questionnaire (1st day Q) (r=0.892, P=0.000) or between the 6th month VAS and 6thmonth Q (r=0.940, P=0.000). The Pearson’s correlation between the difference of the total scores of the 1st day and the6th month and satisfaction score after surgery showed negative correlation (r= -0.746, P=0.000). The effect size was 2.55.Conclusion: The Iranian version of the Swiss Spinal Stenosis has excellent internal consistency, excellent reliability,good ability to alter with changes, especially parallel with clinical improvement, excellent ability to detect changes, andwell either convergent or discriminant validity.}, keywords = {Questionnaire,Reliability,Spinal stenosis,Validity}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10297.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10297_dcc4962e682d95917db0ff545fb05f26.pdf} } @article { author = {Kaseb, Mohammad H. and Tahmasebi, Mohammad N. and Mortazavi, S. M. Javad and Sobhan, Mohammad R. and Nabian, Mohammad H.}, title = {Comparison of Clinical Results between Patellar Resurfacing and Non-resurfacing in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Short Term Evaluation}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {124-129}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2018.21742.1560}, abstract = {Background: There is no difference in the functional outcomes 6 months after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for kneeosteoarthritis between patellar resurfacing and non-resurfacing. Thus, we have performed this study to compare theshort-term clinical outcomes of TKA performed with and without the patella resurfacing.Methods: A total of 50 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee (OAK) were randomized to receive patellar resurfacing(n=24; resurfaced group) or to retain their native patella (n=26; non-resurfaced group) based on envelope selectionand provided informed consent. Disease specific outcomes including Knee Society Score (KSS), Knee SocietyFunction Score (KSKS-F), Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), Western Ontario and McMaster UniversitiesArthritis Index (WOMAC), Short Form 36 (SF-36), and functional patella-related activities were measured within sixmonths of follow-up.Results: There was no significant difference between the resurfaced and non-resurfaced groups in pre and postoperativeimprovement of range of motion (ROM) (P=0.421), KSS (P=0.782, P=0.553), KSKS-F (P=0.241, P=0.293),AKPS (P=0.128, P=0.443), WOMAC (P=0.700, P=0.282), and pain scores (P=0.120, P=0.508). There was nodifference in ROM between resurfaced and non-resurfaced group pre (15.24° and 15.45°) and post-operative (18.48°and 18.74). No side effects related to patella was observed in any of the groups. Revision was required in none ofthe participants.Conclusion: The results showed no significant difference between patellar resurfacing and non-resurfacing in TKA forall outcome measures in a short term.}, keywords = {Non-resurfacing,Osteoarthritis,Patellar resurfacing,Total knee arthroplasty}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10349.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10349_1c835fbbdfc8507487f7a06ccca17082.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahpari, Omid and FallahKezabi, Moslem and Hejrati Kalati, Hamid and Bagheri, Farshid and Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad H.}, title = {Clinical Outcome of Anatomical Transportal Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Hamstring Tendon Autograft}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {130-139}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2018.30073.1777}, abstract = {Background: Good clinical outcome and return to sport and daily functions after anatomical arthroscopic anteriorcruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is goal standard in this surgery. but to date, there are different challengingissues between orthopedic surgeons regarding graft selection and surgical techniques.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the patients who underwent anatomical arthroscopic one bundle ACLreconstruction with quadruple hamstring tendon autograft from 2010 to 2016 in our orthopedic sport medicine center.Eighty-two eligible patients (82 knees) who had met our inclusion criteria were examined in terms of knee stability byclinical examinations and KT 2000 arthrometer and - also were evaluated regarding variables related to their healthand knee status with a mean 48months follow-up.Results: Seventy-seven patients (93.9%) were male and the other 5 cases (6.1%) were female. The mean agewas 33 ± 8.06 years old at the time of surgery and mean BMI amount was 26.81 ± 3.72. 78 patients (95%) returnedto pre-injury sport activity level after ACL reconstruction and two patients (2.4%) had re-rupture. 63 patients(76.8%) had negative anterior drawer and 67patients (81.8%) negative lachman tests respectively. 10 patients(13%) were found to have positive pivot shift tests which was correlated with pain and a less KOOS scores with asignificant difference (P= 0.03). 72 patients (87%) had negative tests in active and 70 (85.4%) had less than 3 mmside to side difference in manual testing by KT2000. Final KOOS score was 70.87 ± 19.76. Mean Lysholm scorewas 90 ± 4.77. Mean International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score of this study was 85 ± 14.11.Patients who had concomitant partial meniscectomy had significantly lower IKDC scores (P<0.01).Mean kujalascore was 79 ± 3.07.Conclusion: The use of quadrupled hamstring tendon autograft besides the most important part of the treatmentwhich is the surgical technique would yield to excellent results in ACL reconstruction both subjectively and objectively.In addition, patient selection and surgeon’s experience should be considered in determining the treatment plan for thepatients.}, keywords = {ACL,Allograft,Hamstring tendon,Reconstruction}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10410.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10410_2a86c19aca3044d894f9acb39a795625.pdf} } @article { author = {Galanakos, Spyridon P. and Mavrogenis, Andreas F. and Vottis, Christos and Macheras, George A. and Ignatiadis, Ioannis}, title = {Epineural Sleeve Reconstruction Technique for Median Nerve Complete Transection}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {140-145}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2017.20182.1525}, abstract = {In microsurgical nerve repair, the epineural sleeve technique can be used to bridge short nerve defects and to coverthe coaptation site with the epineurium of the nerve stump. The epineurium serves as a mechanical aid to reducegap size, and increase repair strength, effectively assisting nerve regeneration.This article presents a 32-year-old patient who experienced complete transection of the median nerve at thedistal forearm, which was treated with the epineural sleeve graft reconstruction technique. Nerve regenerationwas followed-up for 18 months and evaluated with the Rosén and Lundborg scoring system. The final outcomewas excellent; at the last follow-up, the patient experienced complete sensory and motor function of the mediannerve.}, keywords = {Epineural sleeve,Microsurgical repair,Nerve graft}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_9088.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_9088_bf874942514af9ba49cf159bcddfeced.pdf} } @article { author = {Lai, Mark Wai Wah and Sit, Regina Wing Shan}, title = {Healing of Complete Tear of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament and Early Ankle Stabilization after Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma: a Case Report and Literature Review}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {146-149}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2017.24869.1653}, abstract = {Lateral Ankle sprain (LAS) is a common sports injury associated with recurrent ankle sprain, chronic ankle instability(CAI) and post-traumatic ankle osteoarthritis (PTOA). Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) has been increasingly used forherapeutic applications in sports-related injuries, and is thought to stimulate tissue healing. We reported a case ofLAS with complete tear of anterior talofibular ligament, which showed complete healing of ligament and early anklestabilization after PRP. The healing is supported by dynamic ultrasound images and magnetic resonance imaging.We therefore proposed that PRP may serve as an alternative non-surgical treatment option in LAS in future research,with the potential to prevent the development of CAI and PTOA.}, keywords = {Anterior talofibular ligament tear,Case reports,Lateral ankle sprain,Platelet rich plasma,Ultrasound}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10284.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_10284_6da7239dde261c25aae7aa222e610794.pdf} } @article { author = {Patel, Shalin and Zhang, Dafang and Earp, Brandon E.}, title = {Acute Combined Median and Radial Nerve Palsies after Distal Humeral Shaft Fracture}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {150-154}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2017.23314.1618}, abstract = {We report a case of a 29-year-old man who presented with a distal humeral shaft fracture sustained by blunt trauma. Physicalexamination and nerve conduction study were consistent with injury to the median and radial nerves proximal to theelbow. The patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the humeral shaft fracture with neurolysis of the medianand radial nerves. Repeat electromyography at 6 months postoperatively showed recruitment of motor units in all musclessampled, in keeping with clinical improvement. At 16 months follow-up, the patient was full strength in all muscle groups,was back to all activities with no restrictions, and was discharged from follow-up. Our case describes clinical improvementafter surgical intervention in a patient with combined median and radial nerve palsies following distal humeral shaft fracture.}, keywords = {Electromyography,Holstein-lewis fracture,Humeral shaft fracture,Median nerve,Nerve conduction study,Nerve palsy,Radial nerve}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_9073.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_9073_c3e2f7569eed1a2a66e16782743d2753.pdf} } @article { author = {Saini, Uttam Chand and Gopinathan, Nirmal Raj and Aggarwal, Sameer and Sen, Ramesh}, title = {Intrapelvic Protrusion of a Broken Guide Wire Fragment during Fixation of a Femoral Neck Fracture}, journal = {The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {155-156}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy and Sports Tramatology,Iranian Orthopaedic Association}, issn = {2345-4644}, eissn = {2345-461X}, doi = {10.22038/abjs.2017.24396.1647}, abstract = {Breakage of DHS guide wire during surgery and its migration into the pelvis through the hip joint is a rare complication and its removal can be very challenging for the surgeon. We share our experience of a similar case wherein we used an ‘iliofemoral’ approach to successfully remove the broken transfixing guidewire from the hip joint. Although iliofemoral approach is similar to the lateral window of conventional ilioinguinal approach, yet it is less invasive, has lesser complications, requires less expertise and is easily reproducible by an average orthopaedic trauma surgeon. We recommend that surgical approaches for removal of these broken or migrated wires should be individualized depending upon the exact location of the wire tip in the hip joint or pelvis and need for exposure.}, keywords = {Guide wire,Dynamic hip screw,complication,Proximal hip fracture,Iliofemoral approach}, url = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_9121.html}, eprint = {https://abjs.mums.ac.ir/article_9121_1477c775d805c85a98d6def3a696038a.pdf} }