Rotator Cuff Repair With Patch Augmentation: What Do We Know?

Document Type : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Authors

1 Conquest Hospital, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Leonards-On-Sea, UK

2 The Rowley Bristow Unit, Ashford and St. Peter’s NHS Trust, Chertsey, UK

3 3 East Kent Hospitals University NHS FT, Kent UK 4 Reading Shoulder Unit, Reading UK

4 University of Manchester, UK

5 The Rowley Bristow Unit, Ashford and St. Peter’s NHS Trust, Chertsey, UK- Smart Health Unit, University of East London, London, UK

6 The Rowley Bristow Unit, Ashford and St. Peter’s NHS Trust, Chertsey, UK- Fortius Clinic, London, UK

Abstract

Background: Repair of massive rotator cuff tears remains a challenging process with mixed success. There is a
growing interest in the use of patches to augment the repair construct and the potential to enhance the strength,
healing, and associated clinical outcomes. Such patches may be synthetic, xenograft, or autograft/allograft, and a
variety of techniques have been tried to biologically enhance their integration and performance. The materials used are
rapidly advancing, as is our understanding of their effects on rotator cuff tissue. This article aims to evaluate what we
currently know about patch augmentation through a comprehensive review of the available literature.
Methods: We explore the results of existing clinical trials for each graft type, new manufacturing methods, novel
techniques for biological enhancement, and the histological and biomechanical impact of patch augmentation.
Results: There are promising results in short-term studies, which suggest that patch augmentation has great
potential to improve the success rate. In particular, this appears to be true for human dermal allograft, while porcine
dermal grafts and some synthetic grafts have also had promising results.
Conclusion: However, there remains a need for high-quality, prospective clinical trials directly comparing each type of
graft and the effect that they have on the clinical and radiological outcomes of rotator cuff repair.
Level of evidence: IV

Keywords


  1. Narvani AA, Imam MA, Godenèche A, et al. Degenerative rotator cuff tear, repair or not repair? A review of current evidence. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2020;102(4):248-255. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2019.0173
  2. Jost B, Pfirrmann CW, Gerber C, Switzerland Z. Clinical outcome after structural failure of rotator cuff repairs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(3):304-314. doi:10.2106/00004623-200003000-00002
  3. Kim S-J, Choi Y-R, Jung M, Lee W, Chun Y-M. Arthroscopic Repair of Anterosuperior Massive Rotator Cuff Tears: Does Repair Integrity Affect Outcomes? Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(8):1762-1768. doi:10.1177/0363546517694028               
  4. Castagna A, Cesari E, Di Matteo B, et al. Porcine Dermal Xenograft as Augmentation in the Treatment of Large Rotator Cuff Tears: Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Results at 2-Year Follow-Up. Joints. 2018;6(3):135-140. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676106
  5. Galatz LM, Ball CM, Teefey SA, Middleton WD, Yamaguchi K. The outcome and repair integrity of completely arthroscopically repaired large and massive rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(2):219-224. doi:10.2106/00004623-200402000-00002
  6. Narvani AA, Imam MA, Polyzois I, et al. The “Pull-Over” Technique for All Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair With Extracellular Matrix Augmentation. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(3):e679-e687. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.11.007
  7. Cole BJ, Alford W, Hayden JK, Pylawka T, Lewis PB. 1: Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Prospective evaluation at minimum 2-Year follow Up. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2007;16(2):e22. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2007.02.003
  8. Chung SW, Oh JH, Gong HS, Kim JY, Kim SH. Factors affecting rotator cuff healing after arthroscopic repair: osteoporosis as one of the independent risk factors. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(10):2099-2107. doi:10.1177/0363546511415659.
  9. McElvany MD, McGoldrick E, Gee AO, Neradilek MB, Matsen FA 3rd. Rotator cuff repair: published evidence on factors associated with repair integrity and clinical outcome. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(2):491-500. doi:10.1177/0363546514529644
  10. Tashjian RZ, Hollins AM, Kim H-M, et al. Factors affecting healing rates after arthroscopic double-row rotator cuff repair. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(12):2435-2442. doi:10.1177/0363546510382835
  11. Antoni M, Klouche S, Mas V, Ferrand M, Bauer T, Hardy P. Return to recreational sport and clinical outcomes with at least 2years follow-up after arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016;102(5):563-567. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2016.02.015
  12. Bailey JR, Kim C, Alentorn-Geli E, et al. Rotator Cuff Matrix Augmentation and Interposition: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(6):1496-1506. doi:10.1177/0363546518774762
  13. Robinson HA, Lam PH, Walton JR, Murrell GAC. The effect of rotator cuff repair on early overhead shoulder function: a study in 1600 consecutive rotator cuff repairs. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2017;26(1):20-29. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.05.022
  14. Millett PJ, Horan MP, Maland KE, Hawkins RJ. Long-term survivorship and outcomes after surgical repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2011;20(4):591-597. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.11.019
  15. Austin L, Pepe M, Tucker B, et al. Sleep disturbance associated with rotator cuff tear: correction with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(6):1455-1459. doi:10.1177/0363546515572769
  16. Barber FA, Burns JP, Deutsch A, Labbé MR, Litchfield RB. A prospective, randomized evaluation of acellular human dermal matrix augmentation for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2012;28(1):8-15. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2011.06.038
  17. Iannotti JP, Codsi MJ, Kwon YW, Derwin K, Ciccone J, Brems JJ. Porcine small intestine submucosa augmentation of surgical repair of chronic two-tendon rotator cuff tears. A randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(6):1238-1244. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00524
  18. Chalmers PN, Tashjian RZ. Patch Augmentation in Rotator Cuff Repair. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2020;13(5):561-571. doi:10.1007/s12178-020-09658-4
  19. Sensini A, Gualandi C, Zucchelli A, et al. Tendon Fascicle-Inspired Nanofibrous Scaffold of Polylactic acid/Collagen with Enhanced 3D-Structure and Biomechanical Properties. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):17167. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35536-8
  20. Jiang X, Wu S, Kuss M, et al. 3D printing of multilayered scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon regeneration. Bioact Mater. 2020;5(3):636-643. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.04.017
  21. Kim W, Kim G-E, Attia Abdou M, et al. Tendon-Inspired Nanotopographic Scaffold for Tissue Regeneration in Rotator Cuff ACS omega. 2020;5(23):13913-13925. doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c01328
  22. Hirooka A, Yoneda M, Wakaitani S, et al. Augmentation with a Gore-Tex patch for repair of large rotator cuff tears that cannot be sutured. J Orthop Sci  Off J Japanese Orthop  2002;7(4):451-456. doi:10.1007/s007760200078
  23. Mura N, O’Driscoll SW, Zobitz ME, Heers G, An K-N. Biomechanical effect of patch graft for large rotator cuff tears: a cadaver study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;(415):131-138. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000092967.12414.4c
  24. Schlegel TF, Hawkins RJ, Lewis CW, Motta T, Turner AS. The effects of augmentation with Swine small intestine submucosa on tendon healing under tension: histologic and mechanical evaluations in sheep. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(2):275-280. doi:10.1177/0363546505279912
  25. Dimock R, Narvani AA. Letter to the Editor regarding Maillot et al: “Surgical repair of large-to-massive rotator cuff tears seems to be a better option than patch augmentation or débridement and biceps tenotomy: a prospective comparative study”. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2019;28(9):e321-e322. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2018.12.024
  26. Malcarney HL, Bonar F, Murrell GAC. Early inflammatory reaction after rotator cuff repair with a porcine small intestine submucosal implant: a report of 4 cases. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(6):907-911. doi:10.1177/0363546504271500
  27. Consigliere P, Polyzois I, Sarkhel T, Gupta R, Levy O, Narvani AA. Preliminary Results of a Consecutive Series of Large & Massive Rotator Cuff Tears Treated with Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repairs Augmented with Extracellular Matrix. Arch bone Jt Surg. 2017;5(1):14-21.
  28. Consigliere P, Bernasconi A, Dimock R, Narvani AA. Clinical outcomes and structural integrity rate of arthroscopic augmented rotator cuff repairs using extracellular porcine matrix patch. Shoulder Elb. 0(0):1758573220982607. doi:10.1177/1758573220982607
  29. Dimock RAC, Malik S, Consigliere P, Imam MA, Narvani AA. Superior Capsule Reconstruction: What Do We Know? Arch bone Jt Surg. 2019;7(1):3-11.
  30. Dimock RAC, Narvani AA. Letter to Editor Regarding “Arthroscopic Superior Capsular Reconstruction for Massive, Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review of Modern Literature”. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2020;36(10):2578-2579. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.08.014
  31. Muench LN, Kia C, Jerliu A, et al. Clinical Outcomes Following Biologically Enhanced Patch Augmentation Repair as a Salvage Procedure for Revision Massive Rotator Cuff Tears. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2020;36(6):1542-1551. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.02.006
  32. Garrigues GE. Editorial Commentary: Biologically-Enhanced Patch Augmentation: The Perfect Marriage of Mechanical Stability and Biology for Rotator Cuff Healing? Unfortunately, Not Yet. Arthroscopy. 2020;36(6):1552-1554. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2020.03.004
  33. Stace ET, Nagra NS, Tiberwel S, Khan W, Carr AJ. The Use of Electrospun Scaffolds in Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering: A Focus on Tendon and the Rotator Cuff. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;13(8):619-631. doi:10.2174/1574888X13666180129105707
  34. Charles MD, Christian DR, Cole BJ. The Role of Biologic Therapy in Rotator Cuff Tears and Repairs. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(1):150-161. doi:10.1007/s12178-018-9469-0
  35. Memon KA, Dimock RAC, Cobb T, Consigliere P, Imam MA, Narvani AA. Hamburger Technique: Augmented Rotator Cuff Repair With Biological Superior Capsular Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech. 2020;9(7):e987-e993. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2020.03.022
  36. Barber FA, Herbert MA, Boothby MH. Ultimate tensile failure loads of a human dermal allograft rotator cuff Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2008;24(1):20-24. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.013
  37. Shea KP, Obopilwe E, Sperling JW, Iannotti JP. A biomechanical analysis of gap formation and failure mechanics of a xenograft-reinforced rotator cuff repair in a cadaveric model. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2012;21(8):1072-1079. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.07.024
  38. Mehta VM, Mandala CL, Shriver RJ, Benson M. Biomechanical Effects of Fiber Patch Augmentation on Rotator Cuff Repairs. Orthopedics. 2020;43(1):42-45. doi:10.3928/01477447-20191031-06
  39. Zhao S, Xie X, Pan G, Shen P, Zhao J, Cui W. Healing improvement after rotator cuff repair using gelatin-grafted poly(L-lactide) electrospun fibrous membranes. J Surg Res. 2015;193(1):33-42. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2014.08.019
  40. Omae H, Steinmann SP, Zhao C, et al. Biomechanical effect of rotator cuff augmentation with an acellular dermal matrix graft: a cadaver study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012;27(8):789-792. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.05.001
  41. Dejardin LM, Arnoczky SP, Ewers BJ, Haut RC, Clarke RB. Tissue-engineered rotator cuff tendon using porcine small intestine submucosa. Histologic and mechanical evaluation in dogs. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(2):175-184. doi:10.1177/03635465010290021001
  42. Yamamoto N, Ohno K, Hayashi K, Kuriyama H, Yasuda K, Kaneda K. Effects of stress shielding on the mechanical properties of rabbit patellar tendon. J Biomech Eng. 1993;115(1):23-28. doi:10.1115/1.2895466
  43. Adams JE, Zobitz ME, Reach JSJ, An K-N, Steinmann SP. Rotator cuff repair using an acellular dermal matrix graft: an in vivo study in a canine model. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2006;22(7):700-709. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2006.03.016
  44. Chaudhury S, Holland C, Thompson MS, Vollrath F, Carr AJ. Tensile and shear mechanical properties of rotator cuff repair patches. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2012;21(9):1168-1176. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.08.045
  45. Valentin JE, Badylak JS, McCabe GP, Badylak SF. Extracellular matrix bioscaffolds for orthopaedic applications. A comparative histologic study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(12):2673-2686. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.01008
  46. Street M, Thambyah A, Dray M, et al. Augmentation with an ovine forestomach matrix scaffold improves histological outcomes of rotator cuff repair in a rat model. J Orthop Surg Res. 2015;10(1):165. doi:10.1186/s13018-015-0303-8
  47. Xu H, Sandor M, Qi S, et al. Implantation of a porcine acellular dermal graft in a primate model of rotator cuff J shoulder Elb Surg. 2012;21(5):580-588. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.03.014
  48. Cobb MA, Badylak SF, Janas W, Boop FA. Histology after dural grafting with small intestinal submucosa. Surg Neurol. 1996;46(4):384-389. doi:10.1016/s0090-3019(96)00202-9
  49. Zalavras CG, Gardocki R, Huang E, Stevanovic M, Hedman T, Tibone J. Reconstruction of large rotator cuff tendon defects with porcine small intestinal submucosa in an animal model. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2006;15(2):224-231. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2005.06.007
  50. Walton JR, Bowman NK, Khatib Y, Linklater J, Murrell GAC. Restore orthobiologic implant: not recommended for augmentation of rotator cuff J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(4):786-791. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00315
  51. Guarnieri R, DeVilliers P, Grande M, Stefanelli LV, Di Carlo S, Pompa G. Histologic evaluation of bone healing of adjacent alveolar sockets grafted with bovine- and porcine-derived bone: a comparative case report in humans. Regen Biomater. 2017;4(2):125-128. doi:10.1093/rb/rbx002
  52. Hee CK, Dines JS, Dines DM, et al. Augmentation of a rotator cuff suture repair using rhPDGF-BB and a type I bovine collagen matrix in an ovine model. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(8):1630-1639. doi:10.1177/0363546511404942
  53. Wong I, Burns J, Snyder S. Arthroscopic GraftJacket repair of rotator cuff tears. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2010;19(2 Suppl):104-109. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.12.017
  54. Sun Y, Jung H-W, Kwak J-M, Tan J, Wang Z, Jeon I-H. Reconstruction of large chronic rotator cuff tear can benefit from the bone-tendon composite autograft to restore the native bone-tendon interface. J Orthop Transl. 2020;24:175-182. doi:10.1016/j.jot.2020.01.001
  55. Chen C-H, Chen W-J, Shih C-H, Yang C-Y, Liu S-J, Lin P-Y. Enveloping the tendon graft with periosteum to enhance tendon-bone healing in a bone tunnel: A biomechanical and histologic study in rabbits. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2003;19(3):290-296. doi:10.1053/jars.2003.50014
  56. Holwein C, von Bibra B, Jungmann PM, et al. No healing improvement after rotator cuff reconstruction augmented with an autologous periosteal flap. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27(10):3212-3221. doi:10.1007/s00167-019-05384-8
  57. Cai Y-Z, Zhang C, Jin R-L, et al. Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair With Graft Augmentation of 3-Dimensional Biological Collagen for Moderate to Large Tears: A Randomized Controlled Study. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(6):1424-1431. doi: 10.1177/0363546518756978
  58. Omi R, Gingery A, Steinmann SP, Amadio PC, An K-N, Zhao C. Rotator cuff repair augmentation in a rat model that combines a multilayer xenograft tendon scaffold with bone marrow stromal cells. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2016;25(3):469-477. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.08.008
  59. Peterson DR, Ohashi KL, Aberman HM, et al. Evaluation of a collagen-coated, resorbable fiber scaffold loaded with a peptide basic fibroblast growth factor mimetic in a sheep model of rotator cuff repair. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2015;24(11):1764-1773. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2015.06.009
  60. Yoon JP, Chung SW, Kim JY, et al. Outcomes of Combined Bone Marrow Stimulation and Patch Augmentation for Massive Rotator Cuff Tears. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(4):963-971. doi:10.1177/0363546515625044
  61. Rashid MS, Smith RDJ, Nagra N, et al. Rotator cuff repair with biological graft augmentation causes adverse tissue Acta Orthop. July 2020:1-7. doi:10.1080/17453674.2020.1793613
  62. Phipatanakul WP, Petersen SA. Porcine small intestine submucosa xenograft augmentation in repair of massive rotator cuff tears. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2009;38(11):572-575.
  63. Barad SJ. Severe subacromial-subdeltoid inflammation with rice bodies associated with implantation of a bio-inductive collagen scaffold after rotator cuff repair. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2019;28(6):e190-e192. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2019.02.019
  64. Bryant D, Holtby R, Willits K, et al. A randomized clinical trial to compare the effectiveness of rotator cuff repair with or without augmentation using porcine small intestine submucosa for patients with moderate to large rotator cuff tears: a pilot study. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2016;25(10):1623-1633. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.06.006
  65. Sclamberg SG, Tibone JE, Itamura JM, Kasraeian S. Six-month magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of large and massive rotator cuff repairs reinforced with porcine small intestinal submucosa. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2004;13(5):538-541. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2004.03.005
  66. Lederman ES, Toth AP, Nicholson GP, et al. A prospective, multicenter study to evaluate clinical and radiographic outcomes in primary rotator cuff repair reinforced with a xenograft dermal matrix. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2016;25(12):1961-1970. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2016.02.029
  67. Gupta AK, Hug K, Boggess B, Gavigan M, Toth AP. Massive or 2-tendon rotator cuff tears in active patients with minimal glenohumeral arthritis: clinical and radiographic outcomes of reconstruction using dermal tissue matrix xenograft. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(4):872-879. doi:10.1177/0363546512475204
  68. Avanzi P, Giudici LD, Capone A, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial for patch augmentation in rotator cuff repair: 24-month outcomes. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2019;28(10):1918-1927. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.043
  69. Flury M, Rickenbacher D, Jung C, Schneider MM, Endell D, Audigé L. Porcine Dermis Patch Augmentation of Supraspinatus Tendon Repairs: A Pilot Study Assessing Tendon Integrity and Shoulder Function 2 Years After Arthroscopic Repair in Patients Aged 60 Years or Older. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2018;34(1):24-37. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.024
  70. Ciampi P, Scotti C, Nonis A, et al. The benefit of synthetic versus biological patch augmentation in the repair of posterosuperior massive rotator cuff tears: a 3-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(5):1169-1175. doi:10.1177/0363546514525592
  71. Bokor DJ, Sonnabend D, Deady L, et al. Preliminary investigation of a biological augmentation of rotator cuff repairs using a collagen implant: a 2-year MRI follow-up. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2015;5(3):144-150. doi:10.11138/mltj/2015.5.3.144
  72. Gilot GJ, Alvarez-Pinzon AM, Barcksdale L, Westerdahl D, Krill M, Peck E. Outcome of Large to Massive Rotator Cuff Tears Repaired With and Without Extracellular Matrix Augmentation: A Prospective Comparative Study. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2015;31(8):1459-1465. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2015.02.032
  73. Petri M, Warth RJ, Horan MP, Greenspoon JA, Millett PJ. Outcomes After Open Revision Repair of Massive Rotator Cuff Tears With Biologic Patch Augmentation. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2016;32(9):1752-1760. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2016.01.037
  74. Hall T, Danielson K, Brandenburg S, Matelic T. A case series of recurrent myotendinous rotator cuff tears repaired and augmented with dermal allograft: clinical outcomes at two years. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2020;29(11):2264-2271. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2020.03.021
  75. Hohn EA, Gillette BP, Burns JP. Outcomes of arthroscopic revision rotator cuff repair with acellular human dermal matrix allograft augmentation. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2018;27(5):816-823. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2017.09.026
  76. Burkhead WZ, Schiffern SC, Krishnan SG. Use of Graft Jacket as an Augmentation for Massive Rotator Cuff Tears. Semin Arthroplasty. 2007;18(1):11-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sart.2006.11.017
  77. Leuzinger J, Sternberg C, Smolen D, Jakob R. [Patch Augmentation in Rotator Cuff Repair Surgery with Elder Patients]. Z Orthop Unfall. 2016;154(5):504-512. doi:10.1055/s-0042-106475
  78. Mori D, Funakoshi N, Yamashita F. Arthroscopic surgery of irreparable large or massive rotator cuff tears with low-grade fatty degeneration of the infraspinatus: patch autograft procedure versus partial repair procedure. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2013;29(12):1911-1921. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.08.032
  79. Rosales-Varo AP, García-Espona MA, Roda-Murillo O. Outcomes of rotator cuff augmentation surgery with autologous fascia lata. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2018;62(3):157-167. doi:10.1016/j.recot.2017.12.004
  80. Tempelaere C, Desmoineaux P, Lespagnol F, Pierrart J, Beaufils P, Pujol N. Surgical repair of massive rotator cuff tendon tears: Autologous quadriceps tendon graft versus arthroscopic repair. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017;103(3):435-440. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2016.12.020
  81. Scheibel M, Brown A, Woertler K, Imhoff AB. Preliminary results after rotator cuff reconstruction augmented with an autologous periosteal flap. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15(3):305-314. doi:10.1007/s00167-006-0173-z
  82. Mori D, Funakoshi N, Yamashita F, Wakabayashi T. Effect of Fatty degeneration of the infraspinatus on the efficacy of arthroscopic patch autograft procedure for large to massive rotator cuff tears. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(5):1108-1117. doi:10.1177/0363546515569680
  83. Shepherd HM, Lam PH, Murrell GAC. Synthetic Patch Rotator Cuff Repair: A 10-year Follow-Up. Shoulder Elb. 2014;6(1):35-39. doi:10.1111/sae.12046
  84. Ranebo MC, Björnsson Hallgren HC, Norlin R, Adolfsson LE. Long-term clinical and radiographic outcome of rotator cuff repair with a synthetic interposition graft: a consecutive case series with 17 to 20 years of follow-up. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2018;27(9):1622-1628. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2018.03.011
  85. Nada AN, Debnath UK, Robinson DA, Jordan C. Treatment of massive rotator-cuff tears with a polyester ligament (Dacron) augmentation: clinical outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92(10):1397-1402. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.92B10.24299
  86. Cowling P, Hackney R, Dube B, et al. The use of a synthetic shoulder patch for large and massive rotator cuff tears - a feasibility study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):213. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03227-z
  87. Smolen D, Haffner N, Mittermayr R, Hess F, Sternberg C, Leuzinger J. Application of a new polyester patch in arthroscopic massive rotator cuff repair-a prospective cohort study. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2020;29(1):e11-e21. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.015
  88. Orr SB, Chainani A, Hippensteel KJ, et al. Aligned multilayered electrospun scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon tissue Acta Biomater. 2015;24:117-126. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.010
  89. Islam A, Bohl MS, Tsai AG, Younesi M, Gillespie R, Akkus O. Biomechanical evaluation of a novel suturing scheme for grafting load-bearing collagen scaffolds for rotator cuff repair. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2015;30(7):669-675. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.05.007
  90. Thon SG, O’Malley L 2nd, O’Brien MJ, Savoie FH 3rd. Evaluation of Healing Rates and Safety With a Bioinductive Collagen Patch for Large and Massive Rotator Cuff Tears: 2-Year Safety and Clinical Outcomes. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(8):1901-1908. doi:10.1177/0363546519850795
  91. Encalada-Diaz I, Cole BJ, Macgillivray JD, et al. Rotator cuff repair augmentation using a novel polycarbonate polyurethane patch: preliminary results at 12 months’ follow-up. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2011;20(5):788-794. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.08.013
  92. Petrie MJ, Ismaiel AH. Treatment of massive rotator-cuff tears with a polyester ligament (LARS) patch. Acta Orthop Belg. 2013;79(6):620-625.
  93. Burkhard MD, Dietrich M, Andronic O, Nikolic N, Grueninger P. Arthroscopic repair of posterosuperior rotator cuff tears with bioabsorbable patch augmentation: a magnetic resonance-controlled case series with 1-year follow-up. JSES Int. 2020;4(4):860-868. doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2020.07.019
  94. Moffat KL, Kwei AS-P, Spalazzi JP, Doty SB, Levine WN, Lu HH. Novel nanofiber-based scaffold for rotator cuff repair and augmentation. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15(1):115-126. doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0014
  95. Sahoo S, Ang LT, Goh JC-H, Toh S-L. Growth factor delivery through electrospun nanofibers in scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010;93(4):1539-1550. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.32645
  96. Beason DP, Connizzo BK, Dourte LM, et al. Fiber-aligned polymer scaffolds for rotator cuff repair in a rat model. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2012;21(2):245-250. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.10.021
  97. Chainani A, Little D. Current Status of Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds for Rotator Cuff Repair. Tech Orthop (Rockville, Md). 2016;31(2):91-97. doi:10.1097/BTO.0000000000000168
  98. Hirahara AM, Andersen WJ, Dooney T. Arthroscopic Knotless Rotator Cuff Repair With Decellularized Dermal Allograft Augmentation: The “Canopy” Technique. Arthrosc Tech. 2020;9(11):e1797-e1803. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2020.08.003
  99. Kokubu T, Mifune Y, Inui A, Kuroda R. Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair With Graft Augmentation of Fascia Lata for Large and Massive Tears. Arthrosc Tech. 2016;5(6):e1235-e1238. doi:10.1016/j.eats. 2016.07.009
  100. Mihara S, Ono T, Inoue H, Kisimoto T. A new technique for patch augmentation of rotator cuff repairs. Arthrosc Tech. 2014;3(3):e367-71. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2014.02.007
  101. Nassos JT, Chudik SC. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with biceps tendon augmentation. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2009;38(6):279-281.
  102. Narvani AA, Consigliere P, Polyzois I, Sarkhel T, Gupta R, Levy O. “Owl” Technique for All-Arthroscopic Augmentation of a Massive or Large Rotator Cuff Tear With Extracellular Matrix Graft. Arthrosc Tech. 2016;5(4):e717-e724. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2016.02.035
  103. McIntyre LF, Bishai SK, Brown PB 3rd, Bushnell BD, Trenhaile SW. Patient-Reported Outcomes After Use of a Bioabsorbable Collagen Implant to Treat Partial and Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off Publ  Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 2019;35(8):2262-2271. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.02.019